¥Turbulence:
¥If
the low layers are warmer than the upper layers, thermal
turbulence will occur (warm air rises through cold air). Turbulent mixing acts on scales of
millimeters to a few hundred meters.
¥Parameterization:
Gradually mix the layers if temperature decreases strongly with height between
layers.
¥Deep convection (thunderstorms):
¥Thunderstorms develop when the atmosphere is warm and moist near
the surface and cool aloft, and if condensation occurs. Motions are on scales of tens of meters to a few
km.
¥Parameterization:
Vertically rearrange
heat and moisture if the lower levels are sufficiently warm and moist
and grid
scale motion is upward (promotes condensation). Deposit leftover
moisture as rain.