¥Turbulence:
¥If the low layers are warmer than the
upper layers, thermal turbulence will occur (warm air rises
through cold air).
Turbulent mixing acts on scales of millimeters to a few hundred meters.
¥Parameterization: Gradually mix the layers if
temperature decreases strongly with height between layers.
¥Deep convection (thunderstorms):
¥Thunderstorms develop when the
atmosphere is warm and moist near the surface and cool aloft, and if condensation occurs. Motions are on scales of tens of meters to a few km.
¥Parameterization: Vertically rearrange heat and moisture if the lower levels are sufficiently warm and moist
and grid scale motion is upward (promotes condensation).
Deposit leftover moisture as rain.