¥    Veronis and Stommel (1956), Phillips (1966), Veronis (1970), Rhines (1975), Magaard (1977), Willebrand (1978), Philander (1978), Leetmaa (1978), Frankignoul and Muller (1979), Willebrand et al (1980), Wearn and Baker (1980), Muller and Frankignoul (1981), Haidvogel and Rhines (1983), Lippert and Kase (1985), Treguier and Hua (1987), Alvarez et al (1987), Niiler and Koblinsky (1989), Brink (1989), Luther et al (1990), Samelson (1990), Garzoli and Dimionato (1990), Large et al (1991), Samelson and Shrayer (1991), Chave et al (1991, 1992), Lippert and Muller (1995), Fu and Smith (1996), Muller (1997), Frankignoul et al (1997), Moore (1999), Stammer and Wunsch (1999), Hazeleger and Drijfhout (1999), Cessi and Louazel (2001), Sura and Penland (2002), Moore et al (2002), Aiken et al (2002, 2003), Sirven (2005), Berloff (2005), Weijer (2005), Weijer and Gille (2005), Sirven et al (2007), Chhak et al (2006, 2007, 2008).
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¥    What did we observe and how predictable is it?
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Considerable Interest!
There have been many studies! Despite this, the problem is far from solved or fully understood. Most previous studies have tackled the problem using either very simple models, and/or in a very statistical way. GST allows us to actually get at the dynamics involved.